Printing Process in Germany

Heidelberg Press and Germany's Printing Process

       Because I discussed typography a couple blogs ago, I have decided to delve into the printing processes in Germany.  In 1439, Johannes Gutenberg first used movable print.  Gutenberg was a German that facilitated the printing process, using dark oil-based inks.  He is popularly known for his 42-line Gutenberg Bible.  This famous German introduced movable type to all of Europe.  

Heidelberg Press today

           In 1934, the Heidelberg Press revolutionized printing, and continues to do so now.  The Heidelberg Press was a fully automatic cylinder press. During WWII, the Heidelberg Press actually kept its distance from the NSDAP.  When the Allies marched into Heidelberg, the soldiers neither occupied the factory or dismantled it! There was a small halt to production, but it resumed before the official end of the war.  According to the company's website, there are 400,000 Heidelberg presses in 240,000 companies worldwide ("the Heidelberg.") 
        The German Heidelberg Press has expanded and adapted with the times. Today, not only is it a leading company in earnings but also one in developing new technologies.  It has developed a CO2 neutral machine that reduced the output of carbon dioxide. The company has championed a movement to greener technology (CO2 Neutral Machines.)

        As I discussed a couple of weeks ago, German typography was not exactly unique to Germany, using the Gothic Fraktur type.  However, during the 20s and 30s, Germany kept utilizing this type where other countries moved on.  
       Rudolf Koch had a private workshop in Germany and worked as a teacher and typographer after WWI.  He designed the Wallau type in the 30s, which was his personal version of Rotunda.  Koch had Eichenauer as a punch-cutter during this time as well.  I included a small video on punch-cutting which shows how the metal is cut, etc.  
   In 1919, the Weimar Republic founded the Bauhaus which taught the craft of typography.  A famous typographer Marcel Breuer was employed here.  This organization tried to test the restrictions on color and form of the type, but failed later (1933) due to the impracticality of their works (Chappell 204-227.)
    During the war, several typographers, including some of Koch's co-workers, fled Germany due to rising fascism.  When the Nazi's rose to power, they took over the presses and consolidated individual presses into one state-run industry.  This was done to limit freedom of press, protecting the Nazi rule.  

Until Next Week!
Alexis S.
    

 Citations:

Chappell, Warren. A Short History of the Printed Word. New York: Knopf, 1970. Print.
"CO₂ Neutral Machines". Heidelberg Druckmaschinen AG, n.d. Web. 25 Feb. 2015.
"The Heidelberg." Corrdigital. N.p., 17 Mar. 2013. Web. 24 Feb. 2015.

History of Paper in Germany

German Paper

        The paper making process began in China as early as 105 A.D. The process made it to Germany in about 1320.  In 1844, Friedrich Keller invented an industrialized process of paper making from wood pulp. Keller sold his discovery to a paper specialist, Heinrich Voelter.  In 1948, Voelter worked with Johann Voith to mass produce paper via this method.  Voith created the Raffineur that refined the paper further, improving the quality of the paper.  Their company still exists today as a part of the Industrial company Voith AG ("Friedrich Keller...").
      In 1879, Carl F. Dahl created the Kraft process for making paper in Danzig, Prussia. This process elicited a stronger, less permanent paper by using sulfate.  The recovery boiler, invented by Tomlinson, increased the efficiency of the Kraft process in the 1930s ("Carl F. Dahl...").
          During the 1930s, the time in which the copy of Mein Kampf from Morrow was written, Germany was suffering heavily economically.  The Great Depression hit them hard, causing high inflation and food shortages.  They had to ration their food and worked to develop synthetics.  The economic system recovered from the devastation of WWI, however, through several work programs ran by the Nazi government.  I am unaware of any paper shortages during the war.  Most luxury items still were rationed, but Newspapers and propaganda papers were widespread at this time. After the war, Germany had several fliers asking them to save and recycle papers (seen below.)



















"Friedrich Keller Rediscovers Paper Making from Wood Pulp & Industrializes the Process (October 26,        1844 – August 1845)." : HistoryofInformation.com. Jeremy Norman & Co., Inc., 2015. Web. 23 Feb.      2015.

"Carl F. Dahl | Biography - German Inventor." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica,       n.d. Web. 23 Feb. 2015.

German Type

      German's were possessive about their German typography.  Some promonent Germans, such as German diplomat Otto Von Bismarck, refused to read anything not printed in German type.  Germans began using Fraktur,what they call their German Gothic type, in the fifteenth century and continued to use it until after WWII.  The type was called Fraktur in reference to how the letters are cut into sharp angles rather than flowing script. They also referred to it as Deutche Schriften, or German Black Letter Type.  Although other countries used this type, German speaking countries were the only ones to use it as long as it did.  The edition of Mein Kampf that I am studying was printed in Fraktur.  

An example of Fraktur typography

  The first German newspaper was printed in Fraktur.  Despite Germans clinging to the idea of this specific type for most documents, Adolf Hitler strongly discouraged its use. At first, he declared it to be a symbol of nationalistic pride, but he changed his mind later, declaring it unfit for such a strong empire.  He moved to change the type to a roman type in the 40s, mirroring the success of the Roman Empire.  I found an edition of Mein Kampf from 1943 set in Antigua type that shows the change in German thinking.  Most money, stamps, and books were printed in Fraktur before this time.
    This type has become associated with the Nazis, given the nickname "Nazi Type," despite it being around and used by Germans by far longer than the life of the Nazi Party of the Third Reich. The NSDAP, or Nazi Party, most commonly used Zenetenar Fraktur.

1943 Mein Kampf printed in Antigua

The difference between Roman and Fraktur

      As you can see, this script is difficult to read, even if you can read German! I tried to read sections of this book only to struggle over which letter is which.  I found this chart online that is helpful in deciphering some of the letters. Honestly, this made trying to read the publisher and dates very difficult!
    In Nazi Germany, the NSDAP heavily censored everything in the printing world.  They controlled all printing processes in the country at that time. The Germans perfected typesetting, the arrangement of letters on a plate, and ligature, the shape of the letters as dependent on surrounding letters.  If they wanted bold type, they had to recreate a plate especially for that. They used a movable type press where the ink was more evenly dispersed. They still had to change out plates. The Gutenberg press facilitated this process, using plates made of metal like tin.
 

Ex Libris and Provenance

     Mein Kampf possesses an interesting personality because of the many different types of people who have owned it as well as the time period in which they owned it.  I found several unique and amazing bookplates and provenance by studying different editions of Mein Kampf online as well as looking through the 1936 edition that Morrow Library has.  

Piece of Newspaper Back

     The Mein Kampf from Morrow has an intriguing piece of provenance tucked within its pages.  Hidden within the pages, there was a small piece of German newspaper. This newspaper was printed in Germany and has a Neumann advertisement.  Under the Neumann name, there is a description of the store in German. After loosely translating it to the best of my ability, it appears to be a shoe store. Someone wrote on the reverse side several numbers that look like troop numbers.  They included the S.S., France, and Italy. 

Piece of Newspaper Front

   
 In October of 2014, an edition of Mein Kampf went for sale that has amazing examples of provenance and ex libris.  The edition which sold for almost $30,000 contained Hitler's personal bookplate. This book plate has the German eagle, proudly perched over the Nazi emblem. Two other men inscribed their name inside this book: Wardly and Dr. Wagner.  Wardly identified himself as a veteran from the 70th Field Security Section.  Dr. Gerhard Wagner was a chief physician of the Reich. Hitler was a known hypochondriac, so it makes sense that Wagner would have spent a lot of time with the Fuhrer. This book has a rich background from print to being lost to being found again. This website includes a more detailed look at this particular Mein Kampf.
    https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/80787177/lieber.pdf
    

 

Goering's bookplate and Laurant's writing.  

While researching Mein Kampf I came upon a couple of other examples of amazing provenance and ex libris. This edition of Mein Kampf, printed in 1941, holds another bookplate from a prominent member of the Nazi party, Hermann Goering. Goering was the Reichsmarshall in charge of both the Gestapo and the renowned Luftwaffe. He was very close to Adolf Hitler, becoming one of the Fuhrer's closest friends.  The provenance on the right side of the page is interesting, because the Frenchman that liberated the book, Rene Laurent, who made his mark after retrieving it.  The officer was in the 2nd Armed Division under General Leclerc, who is famous for the liberation of Paris. Goering's bookplate is rare, bearing the image of St. George and the dragon, alongside other German mottos. For more information of Goering, I included a documentary video below. 

  

Until Next Week!
Alexis Smith